How Long Does the California Supreme Court Have to Decide a Petition for Review
In the United States, democracy relies on maintaining a residual of ability between three key branches: the executive branch, the legislative branch, and the judicial branch, which is where the Supreme Court (SCOTUS) resides. Deemed experienced legal experts, the Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices who sit down on the court have the final say when it comes to interpreting American laws and the Constitution.
As such, the Supreme Court plainly plays a powerful role in confirming or denying legal rights and practices in the U.S., and, at times, the Courtroom's decisions have completely altered the fabric of life in America and the course of the nation. For instance, the Court ruled on landmark cases such as Brownish v. Board of Educational activity, which outlawed racial segregation in public schools, and Roe v. Wade, which legalized abortion. More recently, the Court's ruling on Bostock v. Clayton County ensured that under Title Vii of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, LGBTQ+ workers are protected from workplace discrimination. Needless to say, the Court'south rulings are as important as ever.
Of course, similar any part of a co-operative of government in the U.S., the Supreme Courtroom is subject to checks and balances; presidents have the power to appoint new justices when seats on the Court open upwardly, and the Senate has the power to confirm or reject those appointments. Regardless, the justices who are selected serve for a lifetime — or until they step downward — which means they wield meaning power in our commonwealth. With this in listen, we're taking a look at the current lineup of Supreme Courtroom justices — and how their histories with interpreting the law might shape our country in the coming years.
John G. Roberts Jr., Chief Justice | September 29, 2005
President George W. Bush-league appointed John Glover Roberts Jr. to the Supreme Court in 2005, making him the Court'southward 17th Main Justice. Built-in in Buffalo, New York, Primary Justice Roberts earned both his available's and constabulary degree from Harvard Academy. In the atomic number 82 upward to his SCOTUS appointment, the Harvard grad held many respected legal roles, including Associate Counsel to President Ronald Reagan from 1982 to 1986; Master Deputy Solicitor General for the U.South. Department of Justice from 1989 to 1993; and Appellate Gauge on the The states Courtroom of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in 2003.
In terms of his general political philosophy, Chief Justice Roberts leans toward more conservative points of view. At the same time, he strongly believes the Courtroom but interprets laws that already be and that they aren't in the business of making laws. This belief has led him to oppose the wishes of the Republican party on several landmark cases, including Obergefell 5. Hodges, which made same-sex spousal relationship a constitutional right, as well as National Federation of Contained Business v. Sebelius and Male monarch v. Burwell, which upheld the constitutionality of dissimilar aspects of the Affordable Care Deed.
Clarence Thomas, Associate Justice | October 23, 1991
In 1991, President George H.W. Bush appointed Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court equally an Associate Justice. Born just exterior of Savannah, Georgia, the futurity SCOTUS justice attended the College of the Holy Cantankerous before earning his law degree from Yale Law School. Later on graduation, Thomas served as Assistant Attorney Full general of Missouri from 1974 to 1977; Chairman of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission from 1982 to 1990; and Appellate Judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit from 1990 to 1991.
For the most part, Thomas is known every bit an "originalist" — that is, he looks at constitutional issues based on the original intentions of the founding fathers, regardless of how life may take changed during the interceding years. Interestingly, Thomas doesn't oftentimes participate in oral arguments and, despite recent Trump Administration appointments, the University of Michigan ranked him the most conservative justice on the Courtroom by a large margin, every bit per the university's Martin-Quinn score system, a ways of measuring one'due south ideology. Notably, Thomas authored the opinion for Kansas five. March, which upheld the constitutionality of a Kansas death sentence statute.
Stephen G. Breyer, Acquaintance Justice | Baronial 3, 1994
President Bill Clinton appointed Stephen Breyer to the Supreme Court as an Associate Justice in 1994. The San Francisco-born justice attended Stanford Academy and attained a bachelor'due south in philosophy, before studying at Oxford University every bit a Marshall Scholar and earning an LL.B. from Harvard Law School. Early in his career, Breyer gained some familiarity with SCOTUS by serving as a law clerk for Supreme Court Justice Arthur Goldberg in 1964.
Before returning to the halls of the SCOTUS building, Breyer was besides an Assistant Special Prosecutor on the Watergate Special Prosecution Force in 1973; taught at Harvard Police School from 1967 to 1994; served for a decade as an Appellate Judge for the Usa Court of Appeals for the First Circuit; and was appointed Principal Approximate for said court from 1990 to 1994. More often than not, the pragmatic justice is known for his moderate ideology. Similar any practiced philosophy major, Breyer considers both the real-world consequences and the original intention of the writers of the Constitution when formulating an opinion. Memorably, Breyer wrote the unanimous court stance for NLRB five. Noel Canning, which limits the recess appointment ability of the president.
Samuel A. Alito Jr., Associate Justice | January 31, 2006
In 2006, President George Westward. Bush nominated Samuel Alito Jr. as an Acquaintance Justice on the Supreme Court. Born in Trenton, New Jersey, Alito attended Princeton University, where he participated in the ROTC program, before setting his sights on Yale Law School. Early on in his career, Alito served as a law clerk for Leonard Garth of the United States Court of Appeals for the 3rd Circuit before becoming an Assistant U.South. Attorney for the District of New Jersey in 1977.
Alito rounded out his resume past working for the U.S. Section of Justice equally Banana to the Solicitor General, Deputy Assistant Chaser General and U.South. Attorney for the Commune of New Bailiwick of jersey. Earlier joining the Court, he was appointed Appellate Gauge on the U.s. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in 1990. Although he reportedly evaluates subjects on a instance-past-example basis, Alito generally leans conservative, with his 2019 Martin-Quinn score ranking him the second-most conservative justice on the Court. Alito has authored numerous notable opinions, including Mitchell v. Wisconsin, which allows blood alcohol tests on unconscious drivers without a warrant, and Husted five. Randolph Establish, which upheld Ohio'due south methods for maintaining voter registration records.
Sonia Sotomayor, Acquaintance Justice | Baronial 8, 2009
In August 2009, President Barack Obama appointed Sonia Sotomayor to the Supreme Court as the first Hispanic and Latinx Associate Justice and only the 3rd woman. Born and raised in the Bronx, she was determined to get an attorney after being inspired by an episode of Perry Mason. Later earning her bachelor's from Princeton University, she attended Yale Police School for her J.D. Subsequently school, Sotomayor started her career as an Assistant Commune Attorney in the New York County District Chaser'due south Office in 1979 and then worked as an associate and partner for Pavia & Harcourt from 1984 to 1992. In 1991, President George H.Due west. Bush nominated her to the U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York, where she served from 1992 to 1998.
Just prior to her SCOTUS date, Sotomayor served equally an Appellate Judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit from 1998 to 2009. Based on the 2019 Martin-Quinn scores, Sotomayor is the most liberal justice on the Courtroom: She dissented from the majority on the very offset case she heard on the Courtroom — Citizens United five. Federal Election Committee — establishing her as a bold, unwavering justice right off the bat. Since then, she has been a key fellow member in landmark decisions like Obergefell 5. Hodges.
Elena Kagan, Associate Justice | August 7, 2010
A twelvemonth afterwards Justice Sotomayor'due south date, President Barack Obama also appointed the fourth female Acquaintance Justice to the Supreme Court. Born in New York City, Elena Kagan earned her bachelor's degree at Princeton Academy, studied at Oxford to accomplish a Principal of Philosophy and so attended Harvard Law School for her J.D. in 1986. Subsequently, Kagan began her legal career as a clerk for Judge Abner Mikva of the U.South. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit from 1986 to 1987 and for Justice Thurgood Marshall of the U.S. Supreme Court during the 1987 term.
After spending some fourth dimension in private practice, she taught at the University of Chicago Law Schoolhouse and Harvard Law School, ultimately serving as the Dean of Harvard Constabulary School from 2003 to 2009. Earlier appointing her to the Court, President Obama nominated her Solicitor General of the United States. Much similar Sotomayor, Kagan tends to lean liberal. She sided with the majority in several recent landmark cases, including Rex v. Burwell, where she ruled in favor of supporting the Affordable Intendance Act, and Obergefell v. Hodges, which legalized same-sex wedlock. Kagan'south support of aforementioned-sex marrigae is notable in that it marked a shift from the position she expressed at her confirmation hearing.
Neil 1000. Gorsuch, Associate Justice | Apr x, 2017
The first Associate Justice appointed to the Supreme Court past President Donald Trump, Neil Gorsuch was sworn in on April 10, 2017. Born in Denver, Colorado, Gorsuch received a available'due south degree from Columbia Academy before pursuing a J.D. at Harvard Law School. Afterward, his legal career began in 1991 when he took upward a police force clerk position under Guess David Sentelle of the United States Court of Appeals for the Commune of Columbia Circuit. In his offset brush with SCOTUS, Gorsuch clerked for Supreme Court Justices Byron White and Anthony Kennedy from 1993 to 1995 before setting his sights elsewhere.
With a decade of private practice under his belt, Gorsuch served as Principal Deputy Acquaintance Attorney General at the U.S. Section of Justice for a year from 2005 to 2006, and, at the end of that service, President George West. Bush appointed him to the U.s.a. Court of Appeals for the 10th Circuit. Much like Thomas, Gorsuch is a Constitutional originalist, though many political writers take deemed him more libertarian than conservative, citing that he's "willing to become his own way." In his brusk fourth dimension on the court, Gorsuch has sided with the bulk on several important cases, including Hobby Lobby v. Sebelius, which involved upholding religious liberties related to the Affordable Care Act.
Brett M. Kavanaugh, Associate Justice | October half dozen, 2018
President Donald Trump appointed Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court as an Acquaintance Justice in 2018. With allegations of sexual misconduct cropping in the wake of his nomination, Kavanaugh's engagement hearing was ane of the most contentious in SCOTUS' history. Every bit Americans may recall from said hearings, Kavanaugh earned both his bachelor's and J.D. from Yale earlier serving as a police force clerk for several prominent judges, including Approximate Walter Stapleton of the U.Due south. Court of Appeals for the Third Excursion and Justice Anthony Kennedy of the U.S. Supreme Courtroom.
Afterwards on, Kavanaugh spent time every bit a partner in a D.C. constabulary firm and then served every bit Acquaintance Counsel and Senior Acquaintance Counsel to President George Westward. Bush from 2001 to 2003, which led President Bush to appoint him to the U.s.a. Courtroom of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in 2006. Although his time on the Court just started, Kavanaugh has already authored two timely opinions related to the tech manufacture, including Apple tree v. Pepper and Manhattan Community Admission Corp. v. Halleck, which adamant a public access visitor isn't discipline to the First Subpoena. Although many experts feared a far right shift in the Court due to Kavanaugh'southward appointment, his 2019 Martin-Quinn score placed him in the conservative range past a slim margin.
Amy Coney Barrett, Acquaintance Justice | October 27, 2020
When Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg passed away on September eighteen, 2020, approachable President Donald Trump wasted no time in queuing up a nominee for the empty Supreme Court seat, eventually landing on Amy Coney Barrett. A trivial over a month after, Barrett became the fifth adult female to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States. Much similar Kavanaugh's nomination, Barrett's drew quite a bit of controversy, though most of the criticism was leveraged confronting the appointment timeline rather than her qualifications.
After receiving a bachelor's from Rhodes College, Barrett attended Notre Dame Police force School, where she would go along to work as a law school professor for many years. Apart from her academic path, she has clerked for Judge Laurence Silberman of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit too as former SCOTUS justice Antonin Scalia, who likely helped inform Barrett'south originalist stance. Additionally, Barrett served fewer than iii years on the Seventh Circuit before her nomination to the highest court in the American judicial organisation. While Barrett joined her peers in dismissing President Trump's election challenge, some critics fear that her devout Catholicism might make landmark rulings, like Roe five. Wade and Obergefell v. Hodges, vulnerable to change.
Source: https://www.reference.com/world-view/get-to-know-nine-supreme-court-justices?utm_content=params%3Ao%3D740005%26ad%3DdirN%26qo%3DserpIndex
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